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民间借贷纠纷案件审理若干问题研究/申玮

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-07-22 12:15:32  浏览:8696   来源:法律资料网
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  民间借贷是指公民之间、公民与法人或其它组织之间借贷活动。它是一种自发的民间融资活动,也是民间资本的重要投资渠道。近年来,扬州市江都区人民法院受理的民间借贷纠纷案件数量迅速攀升。2011年共受理民间借贷纠纷案件550件,结案547件,其中判决317件,撤诉105件,调解113件,调撤率为40%。从上述数据可以看出在民间借贷案件的审理中,诉讼调解仍然是化解矛盾纠纷,促进案结事了的有效途径重要方法。但同时我们不难发现,2011年民间借贷纠纷案件的调撤率仅为40%,一定程度地表明了民间借贷纠纷中双方的对立矛盾逐渐激烈,案件的审理周期变长,审理难度日趋增大。

  一、目前民间借贷纠纷案件呈现出的新特点及难点

  (一)民间借贷案件的诉讼主体构成呈现出多元化、复杂化的趋势

  过去民间借贷案件大多是发生在熟人之间,通常借款人与出借人具有较为亲密的关系,可能是亲朋好友或同事同学等等,一般出借人出于帮助的心理出借款项。但近年来,出借人出于牟利的心理,通过中间人介绍向互不相识的借款人放贷的情况日益普遍。特别是以抵押借贷公司为中介的民间借贷纠纷增长较快,放贷主体呈现多元化的趋势,涉及职业放贷人、企业法人、个体经营者以及寄卖行、小额贷款公司、融资公司、典当行等;而借款人也从因生活困难或资金周转需要而借款的个人扩展到融资经营的个体工商户、中小企业等等,一些企业以法定代表人或者股东个人名义向社会融资,成为了民间借贷的主力军,由此引发的民间借贷案件数量增多。

  借贷案件主体构成的多样化、复杂化使得民间借贷案件的审理难度加大,出现了新的难点。比如:一些借款案件中,款项的交付经由第三者或中间人之手,贷款人和借款人相互之间并不了解情况,在庭审中互不相识,对彼此是否存在债权债务关系容易产生争议;在一些由中间人或机构为中介的借贷案件中,中介机构或放贷公司在资金的流动以及利息等方面都有很大的操作空间,除收取中介费外,还可以收取高于放贷人约定的利息,这对于案件审理中利息的认定带来了一定难度;在一些企业以法定代表人或者股东个人名义融资借款的案件中,对于企业法定代表人(合伙负责人)或者职员签订的借条或者借款合同,应该认定为企业(合伙)对外的借款还是其法定代表人(负责人)个人的借款存在争议;由于借款主体的目的不同,在对夫妻关系存续期间,一方对外举债是否为夫妻共同债务的认定难度较大。

  (二)被告下落不明或拒不应诉的情况日趋普遍

  近年来,在法院受理的借贷纠纷案件中,债务人或不愿出庭应诉,拒签法院应诉材料;或为消极避债于原告起诉前弃企逃债,举家外迁,下落不明等等情形十分普遍,且有愈演愈烈之势。这一趋势给民间借贷案件的审理工作带来了三大难点:一是被告缺席或公告的案件大幅上升,在江都法院受理民间借贷案件中,被告缺席或公告的案件约占 40%左右。案件受理后,因被告下落不明,案件只能依法公告送达,浪费司法资源,延长案件的审结时间,也影响审判效率;二是因被告不到庭,案件只能缺席审理,这对于查明案件事实造成了很大的障碍。原告在法庭上可能会隐瞒对自己不利的案件事实,如隐瞒被告已归还部分借款和利息等等事实,从而导致案件上诉后被改判、发回重审甚至是再审,影响案件的整体质效考评指标;三是借贷案件的调解、撤诉率大幅下降,案件自动履行少,进入法院强制执行的比例高,且执行难度大,权利人的债权长期难以实现,从而加深了债权人对司法的公正性和法院公信力的怀疑。

  (三)大标的案件陡增,借贷案件中高利贷现象普遍存在

  从江都法院受理的借贷案件来看,大标的案件呈逐年上升的趋势。案件标的从过去一些自然人用于家庭日常生活的几万元、十几万元发展到上百万。大标的案件数量的陡增,反映了借贷规模扩大化的趋势。一些职业放贷人或借贷公司将社会家庭中闲散资金吸收进来集中放贷,放贷金额常常达到数百万元。此类案件的情况往往比较复杂,且放贷人背后牵扯到数十人甚至上百人的利益,涉及面较广,一旦处置不当或债权无法实现,可能会引发群案或其他群体性纠纷等社会问题,使司法陷入被动,甚至影响到社会稳定。同时,借贷案件中利率逐年升高。无息借贷的案件比例逐年减少,而要求给付利息、逾期利息或违约金的比例则逐年增加,这两项利息走势的反差,明显反应了民间借贷案件的营利性越来越强。利息的约定远高于银行贷款利率,从月息 1%至 3%不等。但事实上这还只是表面现象,大部分借贷双方的利息约定远高于此。案件当事人反映的高利贷问题十分突出,规避法律的手段也更加高明。民间借贷中出借人或不单独列明利息计算方式直接将利息预先在本金中扣除;或对未归还的借款,将利息计入本金,重新出具借条以计算复利;或通过约定巨额违约金或名目繁多的

  其他费用等等形式,谋取高利。在此类案件的审理中,被告虽提出借据数额与实际借款数额不一致或利息计算过高的抗辩,但被告往往对自己的抗辩举证困难,多数承担举证不力的法律后果,而法院仅凭借条内容无法认定是否存在高利贷,很难否定借据的证明力,从而导致可能间接保护了在合法形式掩盖下的高额利息。

  (四)民间借贷案件中涉嫌“虚假诉讼”、“问题借贷”或其他犯罪行为的情形日益突出

  民间借贷案件通常法律关系简单,证据比较单一,主要证据是借据或借款协议,且法律关系中一般不涉及第三人。因此,在一方有借据而另一方无异议时,法院可以认定借贷关系证据充分,并可直接作出裁判或进行调解,而不再要求当事人提供其他证据。正因如此,在实践中,为对抗其他生效判决的债务履行或为在离婚诉讼中分得更多的财产等原因,通过虚构债务,利用民间借贷合同进行恶意诉讼,规避法律、逃避债务,从而损害国家、集体以及其他人合法权益的情况屡有发生。其次,因不法原因而引起的“问题借贷”也频频发生,如因赌博、吸毒贩毒等原因而引发的借贷纠纷; 或有部分当事人反复涉诉,在江都法院审理的借贷案件中,总有几个耳熟能详的原告,出示的借款合同非常格式化、专业化,借款数额往往较大,具有专业放高利贷或黑社会背景之嫌。另外,在审理借贷案件过程中还发现有私刻公章、伪造借条等涉嫌犯罪行为的情形。对于以上种种的“问题借贷”,虽有相关法律规定“出借人明知借款人是为了进行非法活动而借款的,借贷关系不予保护。”但在此类情况中,关键要看出借人对于借款人从事非法活动是否“明知”,而“明知”的证明责任需要借款人来完成。在审判实践中,当事人不可能在借条中写明借款是用于赌博或吸毒等不法目的,而未在借条上写明的事项,当事人又难以举证证明。故在审判实践中,对于“明知”难以认定,往往造成了司法困惑。

  (五)借贷担保不规范,造成借贷案件中涉及担保人的比例大幅上升

  近年来,出借人同时起诉借款与担保人的案件数量增长较快,据初步统计约占民间借贷案件的三分之一至四分之一强。从审结的案件中可以看出,借贷担保存在着种种的不规范:一是担保方式不明,当事人一般只将担保作为借据中的一项内容来处理,通常仅写明“担保人×××”,具体的权利义务未注明,是一般担保还是连带担保也未约定不明,为将来产生纠纷埋下了隐患。二是担保身份不明,有的借贷双方只让保证人签了个字,未注明是保证人的身份。而有些人是见证人,却在保证人栏边签字。在有的借贷案件中,我们发现担保人收取了部分或全部借款,名义上的担保人实则是借款人。这为案件审理中担保人身份的认定增加了难度。三是担保标的指向不明。有的担保人只对分期还款计划中部分债务提供担保,却担保指向不明,造成担保纠纷。四是担保形同虚设。在一些设有抵押担保的借贷案件中,约定以车辆或房屋作抵押,但却不办理抵押登记手续的情况十分普遍,以致在出现纠纷时,抵押权及债权无法顺利实现。有的担保人根本没有偿还能力,却频频给人提供担保,收取一定费用的担保费用以获利,到了诉讼阶段则一走了之,使担保形同虚设,也给执行工作增加了难度。

  二、审理民间借贷纠纷案件的法律对策

  法院在审理民间借贷纠纷案件中,应当从以下几个方面规范民间借贷案件的审理,统一裁判尺度,防止当事人规避法律,利用司法程序妥善处理纠纷:

  1.加强对证据真实性的审查。 债务人对借据内容的笔迹或者签章的真实性提出异议的,双方当事人可以提供补充证据或者反驳证据。 人民法院应当根据双方提供的有效证据,结合案件的其他证据及相关情况,对证据的真实性进行综合审查判断。 需要通过司法鉴定来确认证据是否真实的,双方均可以申请司法鉴定。在原、被告均不申请鉴定的情况下,由原告承担不申请鉴定而产生的法律后果。原告申请鉴定的,被告应当提供笔迹或公章用作鉴定对比的样本;拒不提供的,法院可以直接认定借条上的签名或盖章是真实的。

  2.明确举证责任的分配。 对于出借人仅提供款项交付凭证,未提供借贷合意凭证的情形,借款人如提出双方不存在借贷关系或者其他关系的抗辩, 出借人应当就双方存在借贷合意进一步提供证据。 对于数额较大的借贷,出借人应当就借贷金额、期限、利率以及款项的交付等借贷合意、借贷事实的发生承担证明责任。借款人提出抗辩的,应当提供反驳证据予以证明。如果借款人对借据的效力、 金额等提出抗辩并有证据证明其与出借人之间存在买卖、承揽、居间等基础法律关系的,法院应当对基础关系进行审理;如果借款人对借据没有异议的,法院可以不审查基础法律关系。借款人主张借款本金、 利息等债务已经归还或者已经部分归还的, 应当承担证明责任, 不能提供证据或者举证不足的,法院对其主张不予支持。

  3.扩大法院依职权调查的范围。 一方面,法院应督促当事人积极举证,说明举证不能的不利后果,引导当事人全面提供证据。 另一方面, 应根据案件审理的需要,依职权进行调查取证,尽可能查明事实真相,为案件裁决提供坚实的事实基础。对于当事人主张以现金交付以及对方提供了非法证据等情形的,法院应当对相关证据或证据线索进行审查,必要时应依职权进行调查取证。

  4.注重对高利贷的审查排除。 对于有可能涉及高利贷等金融违法行为的民间借贷行为,法院要加强对借据的真实性及合法性的审查,在借条存在疑点的情况下,要加强对借款事实的审查,强化对证据的综合分析,不能仅凭原告提供的借条简单下判。对于高额揽息、预先扣息的违法行为不予保护,防止出借人通过法院判决将非法利益合法化。 借贷双方约定的利率超过借贷行为发生时中国人民银行公布的同期同类贷款基准利率四倍的,对超过部分的利息,法院不予支持;利息已经预先在本金中扣除的, 本金应当按照实际出借的金额认定。

  三、法院延伸司法服务职能,加强与其他部门的联动,从根本上减少民间借贷纠纷案件。

  法院不仅要立足审判职能,做好民间借贷案件的审理工作,而且要进一步延伸司法服务职能,加强法制宣传教育,营造民间融资的良好司法环境。首先要加强对公民诚实信用观念、借贷风险意识和投资风险意识的教育,使整个社会形成诚实守信的良好氛围,从而减少纠纷的发生。法院要结合送法下乡、下基层、进社区、进企业、法官联系村、社区等活动载体,运用“法制小报”、“以案说法”等活泼生动、喜闻乐见的形式,向人民群众进行相关法律政策的宣传教育工作,强化其对民间借贷相关法律知识和风险意识的了解和认识。其次,加强案件审判的示范作用,典型案件的审理可邀请社会各界旁听,到案件集中地区公开开庭,让更多的人旁听案件、了解案件达到引以为鉴的目的,着力通过审判,矫正借贷实践中的违法违归规行为,引导借贷双方回归理性借贷、合法借贷;第三,通过审判和宣传工作,积极引导人民群众对高利贷、非法集资等违法融资活动的自觉防范和抵制,努力净化民间融资环境,从根本上减少借贷纠纷的发生率。

  促进民间融资市场有序、规范发展,减少借贷纠纷,是一个系统工程,也是一个社会工程,需要社会各部门的共同努力与协作。法院在审理此类案件过程中,要注意加强与相关职能机构的沟通协调,对于在民间借贷案件中发现的,有证据证明有高利贷、赌债、非法集资、经济诈骗等违法犯罪问嫌疑的,应及时向公安、工商等部门通报移送,交由相关部门调查处理;对于可能引发社会稳定隐患的群体性借贷纠纷,应及时向当地党委、政府通报案情,请求相关部门出面协助,共同做好调解工作;对在借贷纠纷中发现可能引发大规模金融风险的情形,应及时与金融监管部门沟通联络,通过司法建议等形式,发出预警性信息,促进民间融资监管制度的完善,引导民间借贷向着健康的方向发展。

  (作者单位:江苏省扬州市江都人民法院)
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国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文

国务院


国务院关于鼓励台湾同胞投资的规定(附英文

1988年7月3日,国务院

第一条 为促进大陆和台湾地区的经济技术交流,以利于祖国海峡两岸的共同繁荣,鼓励台湾的公司、企业和个人(以下统称台湾投资者)在大陆投资,制定本规定。
第二条 台湾投资者可以在大陆各省、自治区、直辖市、经济特区投资。
鼓励台湾投资者到海南省以及福建、广东、浙江等省沿海地带划定的岛屿和地区从事土地开发经营。
第三条 台湾投资者在大陆可以下列形式进行投资:
(一)举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业;
(二)举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业;
(三)开展补偿贸易、来料加工装配、合作生产;
(四)购买企业的股票和债券;
(五)购置房产;
(六)依法取得土地使用权,开发经营;
(七)法律、法规允许的其他投资形式。
第四条 台湾投资者可以在大陆的工业、农业、服务业以及其他符合社会和经济发展方向的行业投资。台湾投资者可以从各地方人民政府有关部门公布的项目中选择投资项目,也可以自行提出投资项目意向,向拟投资地区对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关申请。
国家鼓励台湾投资者投资举办产品出口企业和先进技术企业,并给予相应的优惠待遇。
第五条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办拥有全部资本的企业、合资经营企业和合作经营企业(以下统称台胞投资企业),除适用本规定外,参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定,享受相应的外商投资企业待遇。
台湾投资者在大陆进行其他形式的投资,以及在大陆没有设立营业机构而有来源于大陆的股息、利息、租金、特许权使用费和其他所得,除适用本规定外,也可以参照执行国家有关涉外经济法律、法规的规定。
第六条 台湾投资者可以用可自由兑换货币、机器设备或者其他实物、工业产权、专有技术等作为投资。
第七条 台湾投资者在大陆的投资、购置的资产、工业产权、投资所得利润和其他合法权益受国家法律保护,并可以依法转让和继承。
台湾投资者在大陆的活动应当遵守国家的法律、法规。
第八条 国家对台湾投资者的投资和其他资产不实行国有化。
第九条 国家根据社会公共利益的需要,对台胞投资企业实行征收时,依照法律程序进行并给予相应的补偿。
第十条 台湾投资者投资获得的合法利润,其他合法收入和清算后的资金,可以依法汇往境外。
第十一条 台胞投资企业在其投资总额内进口本企业所需的机器设备、生产用车辆和办公设备,以及台胞个人在企业工作期间运进自用的、合理数量的生活用品和交通工具,免缴进口关税、工商统一税,免领进口许可证。
台胞投资企业进口用于生产出口产品的原材料、燃料、散件、零部件、元器件、配套件,免缴进口关税、工商统一税,免领进口许可证,由海关实行监管。上述进口料件,如用于在大陆销售的产品,应当按照国家规定补办进口手续,并照章补税。
台胞投资企业生产的出口产品,除国家限制出口的外,免缴出口关税和工商统一税。
第十二条 台胞投资企业可以向大陆的金融机构借款,也可以向境外的金融机构借款,并可以本企业资产和权益抵押、担保。
第十三条 台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业,经营期限由投资者自行确定;合资经营企业和合作经营企业,经营期限由合资或者合作各方协商确定,也可以不规定经营期限。
第十四条 合资经营企业董事会的组成和董事长的委派、合作经营企业董事会或者联合管理机构的组成和董事长或者联合管理机构主任的委派,可以参照出资比例或者合作条件由合资或者合作各方协商决定。
第十五条 台胞投资企业依照经批准的合同、章程进行经营管理活动。企业的经营管理自主权不受干涉。
第十六条 在大陆投资的台胞个人以及台胞投资企业从境外聘请的技术和管理人员,可以申请办理多次入出境的证件。
第十七条 台湾投资者在大陆投资可以委托大陆的亲友为其代理人。代理人应当持有具有法律效力的委托书。
第十八条 在台胞投资企业集中的地区,台湾投资者可以向当地人民政府申请成立台商协会。
第十九条 台湾投资者在大陆投资举办合资经营企业、合作经营企业,由大陆的合资、合作方负责申请;举办台湾投资者拥有全部资本的企业,由台湾投资者直接申请或者委托在大陆的亲友、咨询服务机构等代为申请。台湾投资者投资举办企业的申请,由当地对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关统一受理。
台胞投资企业的审批,按照国务院规定的权限办理。各级对外经济贸易部门或者地方人民政府指定的审批机关应当在收到全部申请文件之日起45天内决定批准或者不批准。
申请人应当在收到批准证书之日起30天内,按照有关登记管理办法,向工商行政管理机关申请登记,领取营业执照。
第二十条 台湾投资者在大陆投资因履行合同发生的或者与合同有关的争议,当事人应当尽可能通过协商或者调解解决。
当事人不愿协商、调解的,或者协商、调解不成的,可以依据合同中的仲裁条款或者事后达成的书面仲裁协议,提交大陆或者香港的仲裁机构仲裁。
当事人没有在合同中订立仲裁条款,事后又没有达成书面仲裁协议的,可以向人民法院起诉。
第二十一条 本规定由对外经济贸易部负责解释。
第二十二条 本规定自发布之日起施行。

PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT OFINVESTMENTS BY COMPATRIOTS FROM TAIWAN

Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from the "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.

Whole Document (法规全文)
PROVISIONS OF THE STATE COUNCIL CONCERNING THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF
INVESTMENTS BY COMPATRIOTS FROM TAIWAN
(Adopted by the Tenth Executive Meeting of the State Council on
June 25, 1988, promulgated by Decree No. 7 of the State Council of the
People's Republic of China on July 3, 1988, and effective as of the date
of promulgation)
Article 1
These Provisions are formulated in order to promote economic and
technological exchanges between China's mainland and the region of Taiwan,
thereby boosting common prosperity of the two parts of the motherland on
both sides of the Straits, and to encourage companies, enterprises and
individuals on Taiwan (hereinafter referred to as "investors from Taiwan")
to make investments on China's mainland.
Article 2
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in all provinces, autonomous
regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and special
economic zones on China's mainland.
Investors from Taiwan are encouraged to engage themselves in land
development operations in Hainan Province and on the designated islands
and in areas along the coastal regions of the Provinces of Fujian,
Guangdong and Zhejiang.
Article 3
The investments made by investors from Taiwan on China's mainland may take
the following forms:
(1) to establish enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan;
(2) to establish equity or contractual joint ventures;
(3) to carry out compensation trade, to process supplied materials, to
assemble supplied parts, and to carry out contractual production;
(4) to purchase shares and various kinds of bonds and debentures of
existing enterprises;
(5) to purchase real estate;
(6) to obtain land use right according to law and to engage in land
development operations; and
(7) to adopt other forms of investment permitted under the laws and
regulations.
Article 4
Investors from Taiwan may make investments in various trades in China's
mainland: industries, agriculture, service trades, and other trades that
are in conformity with the orientation of social and economic development.
Investors from Taiwan may select investment projects from the lists of
projects published by the departments concerned under various local
people's governments; they may also put forward, of their own accord,
proposals as to their investment intent and file their applications to the
departments of foreign economic relations and trade or to the examining
and approving organs designated by various local people's governments in
areas where they intend to make investments.
The State encourages investors from Taiwan to make investments in the
establishment of export oriented enterprises and of technological advanced
enterprises and gives corresponding preferential treatment to such
enterprises.
Article 5
With respect to the various types of enterprises established with
investments by investors from Taiwan - enterprises with the capital wholly
owned by investors from Taiwan, equity and contractual joint ventures
(hereinafter referred to as "enterprises with investments by compatriots
from Taiwan"), they shall all be operated in accordance with these
Provisions; in addition to this, they may also enjoy the corresponding
preferential treatment as enjoyed by enterprises with foreign investments
with reference to the relevant provisions in foreign-related economic
laws, decrees and regulations of the state.
With respect to the other forms of investment made by investors from
Taiwan on China's mainland, and with respect to those investors from
Taiwan who have not set up business offices on the mainland, but have
dividends, interest, rental, royalties and other incomes that come from
China's mainland, in addition to the application of these Provisions,
reference shall be made to the relevant foreign-related economic law,
decrees and regulations.
Article 6
Investors from Taiwan may make investments by using freely convertible
currencies, machinery and equipment or other physical goods, industrial
property right, and proprietary technology.
Article 7
The investments made on China's mainland by investors from Taiwan, the
assets they have purchased, their industrial property rights, their
profits from investments, and other lawful rights and interests shall be
protected by state laws, and may be transferred or inherited according to
law.
Investors from Taiwan shall, in their activities on China's mainland,
abide by state laws, decrees and regulations.
Article 8
The state shall not nationalize the investments made by investors from
Taiwan or other assets belonging to them.
Article 9
Where the state, in light of the needs of social and public interest, has
to requisition the enterprises with investments by compatriots from
Taiwan, the State shall handle the requisitioning according to the legal
procedures and the investors concerned shall be duly compensated.
Article 10
The lawful profits gained by the investors from Taiwan from their
investments, their other lawful income and the funds after liquidation may
be remitted out of China's mainland according to law.
Article 11
Machinery and equipment imported to meet the needs of the enterprises with
investments by compatriots from Taiwan and included in the total amount of
investment, the motor vehicles for use in production, the office
equipment, as well as the articles and means of communications for
personal use and within reasonable quantities, imported by individual
compatriots from Taiwan during the period when they work in the aforesaid
enterprises shall be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax, and also from application of import
licences.
The raw and processed materials, fuels, bulk parts, spare and component
parts, primary parts, and fittings, which are imported by the enterprises
with investments by compatriots from Taiwan for the production of export
commodities, shall all be exempted from Customs duties and consolidated
industrial and commercial tax and also from obtaining import licences, and
placed under the supervision of the Customs. In case that the aforesaid
imported raw materials and parts are used for the production of
commodities to be sold on the market of China's mainland, it is imperative
to make up the procedures for importation and to pay taxes and duties
according to the regulations. The export commodities produced by the
enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall, with the
exception of those commodities the export of which is under restriction by
the state, be exempted from Customs duties on export goods and
consolidated industrial and commercial tax.
Article 12
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan may obtain loans
from financial institutions of China's mainland; they may also obtain
loans from financial institutions outside China's mainland, and may use
their assets as well as their rights and interests as mortgage or
security.
Article 13
With respect to the enterprises with the capital wholly owned by investors
from Taiwan, their period of operation shall be determined by the
investors themselves; as to equity and contractual joint ventures their
period of operation shall be determined, through consultation, by the
various parties to the ventures, they may also choose not to stipulate a
period of operation.
Article 14
The composition of the board of directors of equity joint ventures and the
appointment of the chairman of the board of directors, the composition of
the board of directors or of the joint managerial organs of contractual
joint ventures and the appointment of the chairman or the appointment of
the director of the joint managerial organs, shall be determined, through
consultation, by the various parties to the equity or contractual joint
ventures in light of the proportion of investments or the terms of
contract.
Article 15
Enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan shall conduct
their operational and managerial activities in accordance with the
approved contract or articles of association. The enterprises' decision-
making power for business operations and management shall not be
interfered with.
Article 16
The technical and managerial personnel, engaged by individuals and
enterprises investing on China's mainland may apply and obtain multiple-
journey travel documents.
Article 17
The investors from Taiwan, who make investments on China's mainland, may
appoint their relatives or friends residing on the mainland as their
agents. The agents should hold legally effective letters of authority.
Article 18
In areas where enterprises with investments by compatriots from Taiwan are
concentrated, the investors from Taiwan may apply to the local people's
government for the establishment of the association of investors from
Taiwan.
Article 19
With respect to equity and contractual joint ventures to be established,
on China's mainland, with investments by investors from Taiwan, the
application for the establishment of the aforesaid enterprises shall be
filed by the mainland party; as o the enterprises to be established with
capital wholly owned by investors from Taiwan, the application shall be
filed directly by the investors from Taiwan themselves, or they may
entrust their relatives or friends residing on the mainland, or entrust
the institution providing advisory services, with the application. The
applications for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
investors from Taiwan shall be accepted and handled, in a unified manner,
by the local department for foreign economic relations and trade, or by
the examining and approving organs designated by the local people's
government. Cases concerning the examination and approval of the
application for the establishment of enterprises with investments by
compatriots from Taiwan shall be handled in accordance with the authority
prescribed by the State Council. Departments for foreign economic
relations and trade at various levels or the examining and approving
organs designated by the local people's government shall, within forty-
five days of receipt of complete application documents, make the decision
on whether the said application is approved or disapproved.
The applicants shall, within thirty days receipt of the written approval,
file an application to the department for the administration of industry
and commerce, and, in accordance with the relevant procedures for
registration and administration, go through the procedures for
registration and obtain business licences.
Article 20
With respect to the investors from Taiwan who have made investments in
China's mainland, in case that a dispute arises during the execution of,
or in connection with, a contract, the parties concerned shall try their
best to settle the dispute through consultation or mediation.
Where the parties concerned are unwilling to settle the dispute through
consultation or mediation, or the consultation or mediation has failed,
the parties concerned may, in accordance with the stipulation of the
arbitration articles in the contract, or in accordance with the written
arbitration agreement reached by the parties concerned after the dispute
has arisen, submit their dispute to the arbitration authorities on China's
mainland or in Hong Kong for settlement.
In the event that the parties concerned did not include an arbitration
article in their contract, and on written arbitration agreement has been
reached after the dispute has arisen, then the dispute may be brought
before the people's court.
Article 21
The right to interpret these Provisions resides in the Ministry of Foreign
Economic Relations and Trade.
Article 22
These Provisions shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.


天津市施工起重机械登记管理暂行办法

天津市建设管理委员会


天津市施工起重机械登记管理暂行办法
  建筑[2004]147号

  第一条 为加强施工起重机械的监督管理,防止和减少安全事故,根据国务院《建设工程安全生产管理条例》、《特种设备安全监察条例》,结合我市实际情况,特制定本办法。

  第二条 凡在本市行政区域内使用施工起重机械的,应当按本办法规定进行登记。本办法所称施工起重机械是指房屋建筑工程和市政基础设施工程施工现场使用的塔式起重机、移动式起重机、施工升降机、电动吊篮、附着式升降脚手架、模板、物料提升机(龙门架)等各类起重机械。

  第三条 市建委负责对全市施工起重机械登记实施监督,区(县)建委按照职责分工,负责本辖区(县)内建设工程施工起重机械登记管理。委托市建设安全监督机构负责施工现场的监督检查。

  第四条 (一)下列范围建设工程的施工起重机械由市建委负责登记:

  1、城市基础设施建设项目;

  2、建筑面积在40000平方米以上(含40000平方米)的住宅工程;

  3、建筑面积在10000平方米以上(含10000平方米)的公共建筑工程;

  4、投资在1000万元以上的工业及其它建设工程。

  (二)下列范围建设工程的施工起重机械由工程所在区(县)建委负责登记:

  1、建筑面积不足40000平方米的住宅工程;

  2、建筑面积不足10000平方米的公共建筑工程;

  3、投资不足1000万元的工业及其它建设工程。

  (三)市经济技术开发区、天津港保税区和市新技术产业园区的建设工程,由区建设行政主管部门负责登记。

  第五条 施工单位应当自施工起重机械验收合格之日起30日内,向登记机关进行登记,并提交下列资料:

  1、施工起重机械登记表;

  2、施工起重机械生产许可证或设计文件、产品质量合格证、监督检验证书、使用说明书;

  3、安装单位资质证书、安装资料、验收单位及验收报告、检测报告;

  4、施工起重机械的使用管理制度、操作规程、管理人员和操作人员岗位证书;

  5、如属租赁的起重机械应提供租赁合同及安全协议。

  第六条 对不符合登记要求的,登记机关应做出书面通知并说明理由;对符合登记要求的,登记机关应在7日内登记完毕,

  由市或区(县)建委核发建设工程起重机械登记标志,施工单位应将登记标志附着于该设备的显著位置。

  建设工程起重机械登记标志由市建委统一印制。

  第七条 为建设工程施工提供机械设备和配件的生产、租赁、安装、使用、检验单位,应当遵守国家法律、法规的规定,并依法承担相应的法律责任。

  设备权属或租赁单位应当向施工单位提供起重机械生产许可证、产品质量合格证。在签订租赁协议时,应当出具检验合格证明。

  第八条 承担施工起重机械安装拆卸的企业,应当具备起重机械安装工程专业承包资质,在其资质等级许可范围内承揽相应的安装拆卸业务。安装完毕后,安装企业应当自检,出具自检合格证明,并向施工单位进行安全使用说明,办理验收手续并签字。

  第九条 凡属下列情况之一的施工起重机械,施工单位不得使用,市或区(县)建委不予登记。

  (一)国家明令禁止的淘汰产品;

  (二)超过安全技术标准规定使用年限的;

  (三)机械部件磨损严重、无改造维修价值、达不到使用安全要求的;

  (四)未按规定进行监督检测的起重机械。

  第十条 市和区、县建设安全监督机构,应当对有关登记事项进行审查。对施工起重机械未进行登记而擅自使用的,依据《建设工程安全生产管理条例》第六十二条的规定,予以处罚。

  第十一条 本办法自颁布之日起施行。

 

02/16/2004

天津市建设管理委员会